In this clip, the main mathematical concepts derive from a field called game theory. The goal of game theory is to take some social situation with some notion of winning and come up with a formal, mathematical way of discussing it.
Michael and one of his investors discuss Michael's plans in regards to shorting the housing market. They become surprised when they learn how much Michael has invested, and the likely outcomes from that money.
TV host Lee Gates is in a dire situation and asks his audience to buy a stock to inflate its price and save his life. This clip shows the supply and demand side of the stock market: creating demand for a stock will increase its price.